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Puerto Rican status referendum, 1998
A referendum on the political status of Puerto Rico was held on 13 December 1998.〔Nohlen, D (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p552 ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6〕 Voters were given the choice between statehood, independence, free association, being a territorial commonwealth, or none of the given options. A majority voted for the latter, with a turnout of 71.3%.〔Nohlen, p555〕
Five alternatives were listed on the ballot: “limited self-government”; “free association”; “statehood”; “sovereignty”; and “none of the above.” Disputes arose as to the definition of each of the ballot alternatives; and commonwealth advocates, among others, reportedly urged a vote for “none of the above.” They asserted that the commonwealth definition on the ballot “failed to recognize both the constitutional protections afforded to our U.S. citizenship and the fact that the relationship is based upon the mutual consent of Puerto Rico and the United States.” In the end, a slim majority of voters in that plebiscite selected “none of the above” (50.3%).〔(Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress. page 19. )〕
==Definition of status options==
The resulting political climate after the 1998 plebiscite reflected the need for proper definitions of status options.
In its June, 2011, ''Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress'' report, the Congressional Research Service states that the "definitions or, more specifically, the lack of definitions of the political status options for Puerto Rico, compound the complexity of the debate." The report stated that constitutional implications of three status options (“new commonwealth,” statehood, and independence) were reviewed by the Department of Justice in response to a congressional request. The history of debate, particularly the 1998 plebiscite, indicates that in the absence of constitutionally valid status options and definitions acceptable to Congress, the debate over status yields few or no conclusive results. The brief summaries of the options analysis on pages 26 and 27 of the report follow:
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